
Here is one of the best essays on psalms of imprecation (cursing) found in the OT prayer book of the Psalms. It comes from the Ignatius Catholic Study Bible edited by Scott Hahn and Curtis Mitch, and I can wholeheartedly recommend it to you if you are serious about really studying Scripture. The essay is thorough so I don’t need to add much commentary other than to remind you that when Scripture speaks of justice, it is referring to God’s justice, not the bizarre human concoctions that are making the rounds today with their unholy notions of elevating one group of people over another. That baloney has no room in God’s economy. If you don’t know what God’s justice means, then pick up a good study bible like the NIV Study Bible or the NLT Study Bible or the Ignatius Catholic Study Bible and learn. For those with ears to hear, listen and understand.
Modern readers are often shocked when they run across psalms in the Bible that call down curses on other people. It can be hard not to wince when a Psalmist, in the course of dialoguing with the Lord in prayer, asks the Almighty to bring frustration and ruin upon those who have wronged him (for examples, see Pss 35, 55, 59, 69, 79, 109, 137). Many find such prayers to be morally problematic. Surely psalms that invoke judgment and woe on others are unbecoming for an inspired book of praises, right? This sense of incongruity is especially acute for Christians, since Jesus taught his disciples to “love” their enemies and to “pray for” those who persecute them (Mt 5:44). How do psalms that wish ill on our foes impart lessons that are worthy of the God who reveals himself in the Bible?
This is a question that must not be sidestepped as unimportant. If Scripture is to be a foundation for our lives, then we must make some effort to understand how the Bible’s imprecatory psalms function as the Word of God. Several considerations can help us to arrive at a better understanding.
First, a word should be said about the “enemies” in view. It is clear from the Psalter that imprecations were not uttered against persons the Psalmist merely found disagreeable. Judgments are not invoked upon annoying neighbors, business rivals, or people with different religious or political views. Generally speaking, persons thought worthy of divine retribution are described as violent, malicious, and deceitful. They are likened to “lions” who ravage the weak and innocent and are guilty of moral outrage. The Psalmists who suffered at their hands had been reviled, disgraced, oppressed, betrayed, violated, robbed, and abused. Readers should be careful not to minimize the gravity of the offenses that prompted these intensely emotional pleas for justice.
Second, one should remember that righteous anger is not a sin, nor is venting frustrations to God, nor is the desire for justice in the face of evildoing. Uninhibited emotion poured out in God’s presence is not a shameful thing. Prayer is precisely where people can be fully transparent about their feelings without fear of reprimand or rejection. Pain is real, and evil is real. And God is uniquely able to heal the wounds that others inflict on our lives. The imprecatory psalms show us that one can approach the Lord even in the heat of anger and with strong desires for recompense. This is one way that faith can deal with serious wrongs committed against us. It does not follow, however, that God’s people should allow hatred to take root in their hearts. It may be that one or more of the Psalmists allowed this to happen in their own lives, but the psalms do not commend this attitude as something to emulate, even if a few prayers lead us to think their authors may have succumbed to the temptation (e.g., Ps 139:22).
Third, the imprecatory psalms do not encourage personal revenge. Just the opposite. Despite being victims of wrong, the Psalmists who utter imprecations do not call for violent or oppressive measures against offenders. Instead of yielding to the instinct to retaliate, they follow the biblical teaching that “vengeance” belongs to the Lord (Deut 32:35). They give their pain, their anger, and their yearning for justice to God. One is even tempted to see a therapeutic element at work here: anguish can be lessened just by knowing that God does not overlook wickedness or treat it lightly but holds all men accountable for their ways. Imprecatory psalms offload feelings of rage onto God, so that he, rather than the Psalmist, can shoulder the burden of responsibility for setting matters right.
Fourth, imprecatory psalms operate according to principles of justice in the Old Testament (OT). When actions bring harm to others, Israel was held to a standard of strict proportion—an “eye for eye” and a “tooth for tooth” (Ex 21:24; Deut 19:21). This legal background helps to explain why, for the Psalmists, one who commits wrong against another should be repaid in kind. In other words, those who perpetrate violence should have to face the terrors of violence for themselves, and those who make others suffer should have to suffer in turn. In layman’s terms, the Psalmists desire that evildoers should get “a taste of their own medicine”. This is the thinking—the lex talionis, or law of proportionate response—that informs the imprecatory psalms. The Lord is called upon to redress the wrong committed against the Psalmist in a way that corresponds to the nature and severity of the crime. The petitioner is simply asking God to treat the wicked as they have treated others.
Fifth, we can readily acknowledge that OT imprecatory psalms do not rise to the level of New Testament (NT) standards of morality and prayer. On the one hand, they agree with NT teaching that God’s people should not avenge themselves for personal injuries but should leave the business of retribution to God (Rom 12:19). On the other, Jesus Christ raised the bar of moral expectation above the standards of the OT by revealing the depths of divine mercy. Now, one who is mistreated by others is urged to love them and pray for their good (Mt 5:44). One who is wronged by another is implored to show charity in return (Rom 12:20). Jesus set the example when he was betrayed, reviled, assaulted, and killed, and yet he asked the Lord to forgive the sins of those responsible (Lk 23:34). The move from the Old Testament to the New is thus a move, not from the bad to the good, but from the good to the best. It is good and right to balance the scales of justice by punishing evil, but it is best to seek the good of the evildoer so that he turns from his sin and becomes reconciled to God. If punishing an offender leaves him unconverted, justice is served, but the fountain of God’s mercy is left untapped. Hence, loving and praying for enemies rather than against them is the higher road that Christians are called to travel. Disciples of Jesus are even obligated to forgive those who sin against them, lest God’s forgiveness be withheld from them (Mt 6:14-15).
Finally, none of this means that Christians can no longer pray the imprecatory psalms. It simply means that we identify our enemies differently. The Psalmists of Israel invoked judgments on ruthless men who brought hardship and anguish into their lives. The followers of Christ, however, are challenged to look at such men as capable of conversion and desperately in need of God. Just as Jesus suffered for the good of sinners, so should we. But our most determined enemies—the devil and his ranks of demons—are fixed in their opposition to God and us. They are not capable of conversion. Ancient Christians thus prayed the imprecatory psalms to call down judgment on the evil spirits who seek our demise. These unseen enemies never cease to plot our spiritual ruin, and so we should never cease to pray that God will thwart their sinister schemes and bring them to final destruction. So Christians need not shy away from the harshness of the imprecatory psalms. On the contrary, by uttering them against the powers of darkness, all their intensity and ferocity is retained and put to a more perfect use.
—From The Ignatius Catholic Study Bible, 2024
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